High Aspect Ratio: Hummingbird wings typically exhibit a high aspect ratio, characterized by long and narrow wings relative to their size.
Muscle Distribution: Hummingbird wings are supported by a robust pectoral muscle system that allows for powerful wing beats necessary for sustained hovering and agile flight maneuvers
Wing Shape: The shape of hummingbird wings varies among species but generally includes a slightly curved leading edge and a tapered trailing edge.
Wing Loading: Hummingbirds have relatively low wing loading, meaning their body weight is distributed over a large wing area.
Wing Bone Structure: Hummingbird wing bones (humerus, radius, ulna) are lightweight yet sturdy, providing structural support without adding unnecessary weight.
Feathering: The arrangement and structure of feathers on hummingbird wings contribute to aerodynamic efficiency.
Wingbeat Frequency: Hummingbirds have exceptionally fast wingbeat frequencies, ranging from 50 to over 200 beats per second depending on the species and flight mode.
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